Cabay RJ, Morton TH Jr, Epstein JB. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Prognostic biomarkers in oral leukoplakia and proliferative verrucous leukoplakiaA systematic review of retrospective studies. J Oral Pathol Med. Immunohistochemical staining for the differentiation of subungual keratoacanthoma from subungual squamous cell carcinoma. Bookshelf Clin Exp Dermatol. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. The constellation of marked hyperkeratosis, spiky papillae, and convergence of elongated rete ridges allows for distinction of VV from condyloma acuminatum. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: unusual locations of oral squamous cell carcinomas, and field cancerization as shown by the appearance of multiple OSCCs. Oral Dis. 2019;13(1):4755. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically Ascomycota fungi. Disclaimer. Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. The lesion is acanthotic and hyperkeratotic with variable degree of papillomatosis and/or invagination (Figure 8, A).76,79 The histopathologic pattern is that of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), in which the keratinocytes in the granular and spinous layers display cytoplasmic vacuolation, reticular degeneration, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions (Figure 8, B).73,76,79 Despite superficial resemblance to koilocytosis, these unique characteristics of EHK effectively exclude condyloma acuminatum and VV. Clinically, these are solitary or coalescent skin-colored papules with a papillomatous surface. Head and Neck Pathology The ecological roles of these fungi are diverse and still poorly understood. Sinonasal papilloma This neoplasm typically A common diagnostic quandary is regarding anogenital seborrheic keratosis (SK)like lesions without identifiable koilocytes (Figure 1, C). This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. [19], There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. Woo SB, Lin D. Morsicatio mucosae orisa chronic oral frictional keratosis, not a leukoplakia. The rest of the keratinocytes appear normal. The increased growth and resilience is likely caused by the endophytes ability to improve plant nutrition or secondary metabolite production, as in the case of Phoma eupatorii's inhibition of the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans. [65], Some of the antimicrobial compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. [24], Endophytic species are very diverse; only a small minority of existing endophytes have been characterized. Marginal linear gingival leukoplakia progressing to ring around the collaran ominous sign of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. [59] The alkaloid beauvericin has been isolated from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and has shown cytotoxicity against the tumor cells PC3, PANC-1, and A549. ( C) The endophytic squamous proliferation shows no cytologic atypia. Accessibility Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. [42] Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and free-living lifestyles. [17], The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host meristems, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts. Endophytic fungi produce many secondary compounds such as alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects. While some authors believe that the 2 are either identical or closely related on a continuous spectrum, accumulating evidence suggests that these are distinct entities. Natarajan E, Woo SB. Rapidly progressive squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with Given its papillomatous architecture and large size, many regarded giant condyloma acuminatum as a variant of verrucous carcinoma. [18], There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. B, Parakeratosis is compact with a characteristic orange hue or peach color. 2008;58(1):1517. [11][12], Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. [3], Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). Indian J Dent Res. 2019;13(3):42339. [50] Turfgrass seed of Festuca and Lolium perenne infected with fungal inoculants, Acremonium coenophialum and A. lolii, is commercially available for use in growing lawns which might require less pesticide use -the grasses are poisonous to cattle and more resistant to some insect damage. Keratoacanthoma: hyperplasia, benign neoplasm, or a type of squamous cell carcinoma? Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 167 cases. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! A review of the literature on condyloma acuminatum (ordinary and giant types), verrucous carcinoma, warty/warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, bowenoid papulosis, verruca vulgaris, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma was performed. WebThese findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might including secondary metabolite-methyl ether of fusarubin have shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium. 2016;20(2):2618. Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population. Google Scholar. D, Patchy p16 immunostaining in a condyloma acuminatum (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A], 400 [B], and 100 [C]; original magnification 100 [D]). The keratinocytes are bland and without koilocytic change. Different fractions of Cladosporium sp. Head Neck Pathol. An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for Am J Dermatopathol. These features should prompt a closer inspection for xanthomatous (foam) cells, which are confined to the dermal papillae (Figure 9, C). [64][65] Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. Endophytic fungi may be from Hypocreales and Xylariales of the Sordariomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes. [62], A well known example of the discovery of chemicals derived from endophytic fungi is from the fungus Taxomyces andreanae isolated from the pacific yew Taxus brevifolia. This expert consensus guideline has been developed with support and endorsement from the leadership of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and the North American Society of Head and Neck Pathologists to recommend the use of standardized histopathologic criteria and descriptive terminology to indicate three categories of lesions within PVL: (1) corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive; (2) bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive; and (3) suspicious for, or squamous cell carcinoma. Classification of PVL lesions based on a combination of clinical findings and these histologic descriptive categories is encouraged in order to standardize reporting, aid in future research and potentially guide clinical management. Dermatol Surg. [21], Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. The ragged tumor base is indicative of stromal invasion. A Troubling Diagnosis of Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma B, Higher magnification reveals features of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: cytoplasmic vacuolation, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions in the spinous and granular layers (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 400 [B]). Recognition of relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma would avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary, overaggressive treatment. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. FOIA Patients typically present with multiple red-brown or violaceous papules on penile or vulvar skin, although any anogenital sites may be affected. [42] These four groups are divided into clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4). WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jper.19-0621. 1997;84(2):1547. Architectural Alterations in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia are - Springer Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. 2019;96:12130. The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized, in planta colonization, in planta biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous, "An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture", "The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes", "Defining the Genetic Basis of PlantEndophytic Bacteria Interactions", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes", "Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root", "A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review", "Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review", "In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension", "Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites", "Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia", "An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes", "Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis", "Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice", "Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T", "Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense", "Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles", "Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future", "Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review", "Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products", "Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials", "Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils? Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert PubMed Central The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. In contrast, basaloid HSIL is characterized by a flat surface and minimal maturation from the basal layer to the granular layer. 2016 Sep;43(9):759-65. doi: 10.1111/cup.12738. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. CAS B, Many of the papillae have pointed tips surmounted by church spire parakeratosis. There is no evidence of koilocytosis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). [55], Two strains of the endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest polyurethane plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in anaerobic conditions, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree. Similar lesions frequently harbor human papillomavirus and should at least raise suspicion for a seborrheic keratosis-like condyloma acuminatum. Ackerman LV. Behura SS, Masthan MK, Narayanasamy AB. [24] However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. Indeed, Li and Ackerman15 regarded HPV-harboring SK in the anogenital region as synonymous with condyloma acuminatum. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Fitzpatrick SG, Honda KS, Sattar A, Hirsch SA. 2014;118(6):71324. Speight PM, Abram TJ, Floriano PN, et al. [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. Hypergranulosis is accentuated in the valleys between papillae. Frictional keratoses on the facial attached gingiva are rare clinical findings and do not belong to the category of leukoplakia. A, A papillomatous lesion with parakeratosis completely filling the spaces between the papillary projections. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: diagnosis, management and current advances. Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits: cross-sectional study in South India. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Bchamp. Oral Oncol. Head Neck Pathol. which was first harvested from the plant Bontia daphnoides. The best inter-observer diagnostic agreement relative to PVL lesions were classified as corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive and SCC (chi-square p=0.015). have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects,[32] even against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Squamous Cell Papilloma - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [The value of laminin-322 staining in distinguishing between keratoacanthoma, keratoacanthoma with areas of squamous cell carcinoma, and crateriform squamous cell carcinoma]. Mitotic activity is low and is confined to the lower third of the epithelium. Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. 1948;23(4):6708. and transmitted securely. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. The working group then selected 43 single slide biopsy cases for whole slide digital imaging (WSI) review by members of the consensus conference. 299biopsies from 84 PVL patients from six institutions were selected from patients who had multifocal oral leukoplakic lesions identified over several years (a minimum follow-up period of 36 months). The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. However, in contrast with condyloma acuminatum, which is typically caused by HPV types 6 and 11, VV is most commonly induced by HPV 2, followed by HPV 1, 4, 65, 27, and others.68,69 Distinction of VV and condyloma acuminatum has important clinical implication especially in the pediatric population, as condyloma acuminatum would raise suspicion for sexual abuse, whereas VV is nonsexually transmitted. One example of an endophyte-plant-insect interaction is located in the New Zealand grasslands, where endophytes, known as AR1 and AR37 are utilized to protect valuable ryegrass from the Argentine stem weevil but remain palatable to another important food source, livestock. Papillary squamous cell carcinoma. The epithelium remains relatively thin. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. WebEndophytic type squamous cell papilloma, is continuous with the adjacent hyperplastic epidermis and a crater forms by invagination with no pedicle. 2014;170(5):103947. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. 2004;33(2):6570. A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship. Women with multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the legs have a striking clinical phenotype. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Epidermolytic acanthoma. Compared to the spiky papillae in verruca vulgaris (VV), the papillae in condyloma acuminatum have more rounded and undulating contours, with less robust hyperkeratosis (Figure 1, A). Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Head Neck Pathol. WebInverted follicular keratosis (IFK) is a rare benign tumor characterized by endophytic growth on the follicular infundibulum. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Mitoses are rare and confined to the basal layer.25 A band of lymphocytic infiltrate is usually found at the base of the tumor (Figure 3, A). A long-term study of thirty patients. Figure 2Giant condyloma acuminatum. Pathol Res Pract. Krishnan L, Karpagaselvi K, Kumarswamy J, et al. Keratoacanthoma, committed stem cells and neoplastic aberrant infundibulogenesis integral to formulating a conceptual model for an infundibulocystic pathway to squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. Twenty of 30 tumors (including the KASPs) from the 6 different patients lacked detectable TP53 mutations. The papillae have mostly rounded tips and prominent fibrovascular cores. Google Scholar. 2008 Apr;30(2):127-34. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e318161310c. Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting. Results: Celentano A, Glurich I, Borgnakke WS, Farah CS. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. A diagnostic clue at low magnification is the presence of compact parakeratosis with an orange hue or peach color completely filling the spaces between the papillary projections (Figure 9, A and B).89 Neutrophils are often found in the parakeratotic stratum corneum (Figure 9, B). 2017;83(5):58593. May P. Chan; Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region. In a series of 108 cases, it was concluded that a background of maturing keratinocytes and sparing of the follicular epithelium could distinguish bowenoid papulosis from basaloid HSIL.53 Another morphometric analysis showed significantly larger and more irregular nuclei in basaloid HSIL compared to bowenoid papulosis.64 In practice, however, the histopathologic differences are often subtle, and definitive diagnosis relies heavily on stringent clinical correlation: Presence of multiple small pigmented papules in a young adult, as opposed to a solitary, slowly progressive plaque or erythematous patch in an older patient, would support a diagnosis of bowenoid papulosis over basaloid HSIL.53,60, High-risk HPV in bowenoid papulosis can be detected by in situ hybridization or PCR-DNA sequencing.6567 Expression of both p16 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by immunohistochemistry is associated with high-risk HPV infection and has been demonstrated in bowenoid papulosis.67 Diffuse p16 expression is especially helpful in differentiating occasional cases of bowenoid papulosis with more orderly maturation, subtle cytologic atypia, and koilocyte-like cells from condyloma acuminatum (Figure 6, B).18. The digital images were then reviewed in two surveys separated by a washout period of at least 90 days. B, The lesion is diffusely positive for p16 (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 200 [A, inset]; original magnification 100 [B]). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a follow-up study of 54 cases. WebAtypical squamous proliferation: what lies beneath? There are two different means of classifying endophytes. Clinically, warty and warty-basaloid HSIL and invasive SCC may mimic condyloma acuminatum when discrete papillomatous papules or plaques are present.44, On histopathology, warty HSIL and SCC mimic condyloma acuminatum by their verruciform architecture, conspicuous fibrovascular cores, and koilocytosis (Figure 4, A). Keratoacanthoma and infundibulocystic squamous cell carcinoma. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. Karabulut A, Reibel J, Therkildsen MH, et al. This tumor type is rarely described in the anogenital region. 2020;14(1):15665. [66] Also, compounds from the marine fungus Nigrospora sp. 1999;28(6):2747. 2021 Jan;48(1):184-191. doi: 10.1111/cup.13861. A few koilocytes are present in the granular layer (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). 2006;17(3):1215. J Oral Pathol Med. Koilocytes containing enlarged and irregular nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules may be found in the granular and upper spinous layers. Papillomatous and endophytic squamous proliferation is present with keratin plug, parakeratin, and mild pleomorphism of keratinocytes extending to the base of the biopsy (a). Extraoral lesions are rare and usually arise on the vulva, penis, scrotum, and extremities.88 Most patients present with a solitary lesion, although coexistence of multiple lesions can occur. Chi AC, Lambert PR 3rd, Pan Y, et al. Characterization of initial/early histologic features of proliferative Keratosis of unknown significance and leukoplakia: a preliminary study. Likewise, Ki-67 positivity is mainly observed in the basal layer.28 Absence of HPV may be confirmed by PCR-DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry.24,25,28,30, Infection by high-risk HPV, most commonly HPV 16 and less commonly HPV 18, 31, 33, 45, 51, 52, and 59 amongst others, causes undifferentiated intraepithelial neoplasia (-IN) of the vulva, vagina, penis, scrotum, and anus.3842 These HPV-related squamous intraepithelial lesions may be subclassified into warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid types by histopathologic features. 1985;60(3):28598. Shear M, Pindborg JJ. [24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. Endophytes can extensively colonize plant tissues and competitively exclude other potential pathogens.
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