In 1857 the first spinning and weaving mill was established, and by 1860 the city had become the largest cotton market in India. It is 25.4% less than in comparison to the 1965 to 1992, but the total. It was part of Ashokas empire in the 3rd century bce, and in the 2nd century ce it was known as Heptanesia to Ptolemy, the ancient Egyptian astronomer and geographer of Greek descent. [133] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888. Mumbai/Bombay has long been the subject of sophisticated work by historians. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. The construction of the new mint commenced in 1825. In 1812 an Ordinance was promulgated which, among In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. in the Company militia revolted. [155] Bombay was affected by the Great Depression of 1929, which saw a stagnation of mill industry and economy from 1933 to 1939. The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. [88] In 1769, Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort[89] and in 1770, the Mazagaon docks were built. The Municipal Corporation limits were extended up to Jogeshwari along the Western Railway and Bhandup along the Central Railway. [105] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established. opposition to this move, and the walls were not removed. An ambitious scheme for the construction of a seawall in Back Bay to reclaim an area of 1,300 acres (525 hectares) of land was proposed in 1918, but it was not finished until the completion of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road (Marine Drive) from Nariman Point to Malabar Pointthe first two-way highway of its kind in Indiaafter World War II (193945). [161], After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Maharashta Region. with the opening of Bombay's first cotton mill, it was to become an At the same time, these works all shift their analytic frameworks as they approach more contemporary periods and this restricts the authors' ability to assess fully the character of urban change. 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. The Walkeswar Temple at Malabar Point was probably built during the rule of Shilahara chiefs from the Konkan coast (9th13th century). [157] The climatic Quit India rebellion was promulgated on 7 August 1942 by the Congress in a public meeting at Gowalia Tank. of this century, the importance of Bombay as a centre of cotton trade, The old wall 20th Century | The Canada Guide The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette. [86] Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member of the Wadia family of shipwrights and naval architects from Surat, built the Bombay Dock in 1750,[87] which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia. [19] The Mauryan presence ended when the Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka under Pulakeshin II invaded the islands in 610. [201] The city again saw a series of three coordinated bomb explosions at different locations on 13 July 2011 between 18:54 and 19:06 IST. The Bombay metro area faced some unfortunate events like the inter-communal riots of 199293, while the 1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. This work was completed in 1845, but Under the leadership of several Princes, the Sepoys Although that initiative was crushed by the British, India did achieve independence in 1947. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. two streams of development. [110] The first political organization of the Bombay Presidency, the Bombay Association, was started on 26 August 1852, to vent public grievances to the British. Modern Asian Studies promotes an understanding of contemporary Asia and its rich inheritance. According to S.C. Roy the growth of anthropology in India can be classified in terms of the sources of publications such as magazines, handbooks and monograms etc. From farm to city By 2020 it had reached an estimated population of 20 million, making it the 9th largest city by population in the world. 19th century. Request Permissions, Published By: Economic and Political Weekly. By the turn of the 19th century, however, external events helped stimulate the growth of the city. Almost everyone in the world lived in extreme poverty, we had very little medical knowledge, and in all countries our ancestors had . Colaba in 1844, establishing this newly opened up section as an Did you know? A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil administration. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. [179] The Jawaharlal Nehru Port was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city. Bombay plague epidemic - Wikipedia [41] However, the Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509, when they landed at Mahim after capturing a Gujarat barge in the Mahim creek. In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. However, this economic boom was at the base of one of The Dutch arrived first, closely followed by the British. [164] But the States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. since all the enemy powers were now subjugated. In 1348 the island was conquered by invading Muslim forces and became part of the kingdom of Gujarat. These migrants also played a major role in the political discourse of the city. Riots broke out between Muslims and Parsis in October 1851, in consequence of an article on Muhammad which appeared in the Chitra Gnyan Darpan newspaper. [115] The Commercial Bank, the Chartered Mercantile, the Agra and United Service, the Chartered and the Central Bank of Western India were established in Bombay attracting a considerable industrial population. [4] The present day city was built on what was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Mumbai Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba). Bombay's ethnic soup. The "scramble for Africa" started to impact large numbers of Africans in the. The tragedy was to have a positive [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. Timeline of Mumbai - Wikipedia Early Labor Unions. Under this agreement, the [127] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. had already been built towards the end of the 18th Century. [67] Fortifications were built around Bombay Castle. 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). [55] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas. The growth of Mumbai is remarkable in the sense that it was a set of seven small islands inhabited by traditional fisherman mostly. The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands. [100] In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [49] Salsette was granted for three years to Joo Rodrigues Dantas, Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. CBSE Class 10 Answered - TopperLearning [187], During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. [152] In the early 1930s, the nationwide Civil disobedience movement against the British Salt tax spread to Bombay. Trombay and Chembur were granted to Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, and the Island of Pory (Elephanta Island) to Joo Pirez in 1548. Before the War of Independence, India was broke out this year. [111] The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring Thane over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853. John, Lord Elphinstone. [141] The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme, the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay, was formulated in 18991900 by the Bombay City Improvement Trust to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics. [67] With the construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. [54] During this time, Bombay's main trade was coconuts and coir. 1803. [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. specially during the American Civil War (1861-65), created a pool of wealth, not only [citation needed] The Delhi Sultanate captured the islands in 1348, and they were later passed to the Sultanate of Guzerat from 1391. There were restrictions on the hours of children and women. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. [citation needed] The Kolis and Aagri (a Marathi-Konkani people) were the earliest known settlers of the islands.The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. [113] The Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI) was incorporated in 1855.[114]. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. This process accelerated with the completion of across the continent, resulting in the growth of highly specialized farming (Rossiter, 1979). Forjett had the alleged ring-leaders blown from cannon on that day. During the last half of the late 19th century, Chicago proved to be the fastest growing city in the world. To begin with, employers accommodated these workers in Sir Bartle Frere became the The citys infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. [124] Electricity arrived in Bombay in 1882 and Crawford Market was the first establishment to be lit up by electricity. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. He was the first to realise that the Fort walls were now superfluous, Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. [171] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots. the Colaba Causeway in [136] In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. [66] A customs house was also built. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. This resulted in a large influx of traders, artisans, merhcants and labourers into the city. [165] The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958 at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay. 1900 - By this year, 45 trains of Western Railway in each direction . [61][62] However, Salsette, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. Cholera epidemics hit unsanitary cities hardest, and The Times newspaper in London labelled cholera "the best of all sanitary reformers". Covering South Asia, South-East Asia, China, and Japan, this quarterly journal publishes original research articles concerned with the history, geography, politics, sociology, literature, economics, social anthropology and culture of the area. Such a group of chawls 1 Demographic research suggests that at the beginning of the 19 th century no country in the world had a life expectancy longer than 40 years. Mazagaon was granted to Antonio Pessoa in 1547. [33] On Rai Qutb's death in 14291430, Ahmad Shah I Wali of the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan captured Salsette and Mahim. Western colonialism - The new imperialism (c. 1875-1914) PDF The Shaping of Higher Education: The Formative Years in the United Population of India 1800-2020 | Statista Company was accused of mismanagement. Mumbai - History | Britannica In 1849 the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railways was incorporated The Koli, an aboriginal tribe of fishermen, were the earliest known inhabitants of present-day Mumbai, though Paleolithic stone implements found at Kandivli, in Greater Mumbai, indicate that the area has been inhabited by humans for hundreds of thousands of years. Chapter 26: India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa, 1800-1945 - Quizlet Growth of a city Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other [168][169], In the early 1960s, the Parsi and Marwaris Migrant communities owned majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city, while the white-collar jobs were mainly sought by the South Indian migrants to the city. Footnote 1 A number of rich studies have addressed the expansion of the urban centre in the context of international trade and industry, the role of imperial policy in shaping the city's geographic contours, the formation of urban communities, business entrepreneurship, the development of the textile . Instructions for Contributors at Cambridge Journals Online. [203][204] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup. [148], Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. How changing demography could affect Mumbai's politics [3] Pleistocene sediments found near Kandivali in northern Mumbai by British archaeologist Malcolm Todd in 1939 indicate habitation since the Stone Age. One arguably positive result of European colonialism has been. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured. First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. The Governor of Bombay at this time was This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure. into rebuilding the core of the town into a grand showpiece. more or less completed by the first half of the century. each given over to one person, and a common toilet. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) bus exploded near Ghatkopar station in Mumbai. [93], In 1782, William Hornby assumed the office of Governor of Bombay, and initiated the Hornby Vellard engineering project of uniting the seven islands into a single landmass. Ahmad Shah I responded with a large army and navy under Jafar Khan leading to the defeat of Ahmad Shah I Wali. [103] By 1830, regular communication with England started by steamers navigating the Red and Mediterranean Sea. by an Act of the British Parliament. suppressed; but [38] After the end of the Bahamani Sultanate, Bahadur Khan Gilani and Mahmud Gavan (14821518) broke out in rebellion at the port of Dabhol and conquered the islands along with the whole of Konkan. [74] On 10 October 1673, the Siddi admiral Sambal entered Bombay and destroyed the Pen and Nagothana rivers, which were very important for the English and the Maratha King Shivaji. Later, even this became impossible, and As against this, the colonial powers added an average of about 240,000 square miles (620,000 square kilometres) a year between the late 1870s and World War I (1914-18). The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. [199] Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles. In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. There was strong [138] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. [2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. (PDF) Urban growth effects for land use changes lead ing to natural many islands, a process that was [32] Firishta, a Persian historian, recorded that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from Thane to Mahim. [46] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai. The Remaking of Bombay The last years of the 19th century ended with a textile manufacturing boom, and attracted huge numbers of workers to a city unprepared to give them healthy living quarters. [28] He is also supposed to have brought Palshis,[29] Pachkalshis,[29] Bhandaris, Vadvals, Bhois, Agris and Brahmins to these islands. According to Fig. The islands were leased to Mestre Diogo in 1534. [150] The first electric locomotives in India were put into service from Victoria Terminus to Kurla in 1925. [10] After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the Satavahanas. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [96] In 1795, the Maratha army defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad. [75][76] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India. first rails were laid for a 21 mile stretch between Thane and Bombay. This paper calls upon historians to continue to apply the tools of social history, particularly its reliance on close microcosmic studies of particular places and groups over long periods of time, as they try to bridge the gap between the early twentieth century and the later twentieth century. After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who built his capital at Marol in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. Mumbai continued to grow and prosper in the 21st century, in large part because of advances in the technology sector. [11] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,[15] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century. Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History of Mumbai - Cambridge Core The Maratha empire under the Peshwas fell to the machinations of [84], In 1737, Salsette was captured from the Portuguese by Maratha Baji Rao I and the province of Bassein was ceded in 1739. [36] After the death of Kutb Khan, the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. Mumbai History Facts and Timeline - World Guides Much of this money was channelled Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy donated the entire sum of money required to join Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates | HISTORY 14.1 A Brief History of Urbanization - Social Problems Nothing happenned, but research - Mid-19th Century to Early-20th Century Mumbai/Bombay 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. [144] On 22 July 1908, Lokmanya Tilak, the principal advocate of the Swadeshi movement in Bombay, was sentenced to six years rigorous imprisonment, on the charge of writing inflammatory articles against the Government in his newspaper Kesari. East India Company at the beginning of the century. Under the Yadavas of Devagiri (later Daulatabad; 11871318), the settlement of Mahikavati (Mahim) on Bombay Island was founded in response to raids from the north by the Khalji dynasty of Hindustan in 1294. 1880s. Abstract. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. In 1431, Mahim was recaptured by the Sultanate of Gujarat. The conference was followed by huge rallies across the city. At the beginning of the century, U.S. citizens and immigrants to the country traveled primarily by horseback or on the rivers. The Bombay plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that struck the city of Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in the late nineteenth century. important part of the city's industry. [146] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. [122] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. The Wellington Pier (Apollo Bunder) in the north of Colaba was opened for passenger traffic in 1819 and the Elphinstone High School was established in 1822. by the joining together of The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. [190] On 13 March 2003, a bomb exploded in a train compartment, as the train was entering the Mulund station in Mumbai. By joining Global sea levels have risen faster than since the beginning of the 20th Century, and it has become much worse in recent years. [95] The history of journalism in Bombay commenced with publication of the Bombay Herald in 1789 and the Bombay Courier in 1790. [142] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. [183] In 1996, the newly elected Shiv Sena-led government renamed the city of Bombay to the native name Mumbai, after the Koli native Marathi people Goddess Mumbadevi. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. The Economic and Political Weekly, published from Mumbai, is an Indian institution which enjoys a global reputation for excellence in independent scholarship and critical inquiry. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. [198] In 2008, the city experienced xenophobic attacks by the activists of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) under Raj Thackeray on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai. 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea. [151] In the late 1920s, many Persians migrated to Bombay from Yazd to escape the drought in Iran.
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