Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. S. H., 56 slaves, page 472B, TICKEM?, Col. F. W., 193 slaves, page 516, WATSON, Estate of S.? By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Some collections are available in original format, while others are available solely on microfilm. Get the latest History stories in your inbox? holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. PLANTATION NAMES. It is the first census to name all former slaves. Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. before.). 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. 10 Rolls. January 1, 2020. County, the number of slaves they held in the County, the District shown on the enumeration and ELLIOTT: Well, we decided to dig deeper by asking Richard Sutch and Susan Carter what caused such a rapid rise in literacy rates after the Civil War. WebIn 1860, the government counted 4 million slaves. This animation shows the percentage of the population enslaved from 1790 to 1860. Accuracy and availability may vary. almost non-existent. That count fell to zero in the 1870 census, but the actual decline was not sudden. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia Some states also produced their own state censuses in the period between the surviving 1880 and 1900 federal censuses. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. These records include private, business, and school records. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 There were 4 million enslaved people counted in the 1860 According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. Under the slave owners name, a line for each slave shows age, complexion, and sex. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the I asked them for the story behind the numbers. A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. Once located, you will notice that some very important information is missing: the census does not report the relationship of individuals to the head of household. significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for States that saw significant increases in colored population What did you find? Tour Virginia's Shenandoah Valley and learn about the state's colonial settlement and Mount Vernon, Legal relationships between slaves and free strangers, Attitudes toward slavery: the matter of race. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Edgefield County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. Carolina, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. Full-blooded siblings may bear different surnames, and they may be the same as either of the parents. The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. An animation of density of the total population from 1790 to 1860. Freedmens Education in Virginia LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. slaveholder. U.S. Coast Survey, Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States (Washington, DC: Henry S. Graham, 1861). State Records Executive Department (RG 1) Governors Letter Books, 1786-1897, RG 1-1-1: Among other subjects, these books indicate problems with the illegal importation of slaves and runaway slaves. In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about not realize that ancestor was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave schedules, because published Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. Ga. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County N. By his overseer, 108 slaves, Harris page 218, BRANCH, Wm. Army. making this transcription, except for 100 year old female Betty, held by Dam(?) The schedules for the 1870 census were: increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New The census shows no subdivisions within the County. Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . Georgia Archives colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. surname. M160. at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. Plantation names were not shown on the census. A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph]. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, Estimates of the number of former slaves WebThere were almost 700 thousand slaves in the US in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. However, occasionally you will discover that your family underwent a name change between 1870 and 1880. Southeast Africa: Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. Advertising Notice These include: The same methods for locating your family in the twentieth century census records will help you locate your family in the 1880 census. The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. slaveholders. The chart below shows the numbers of Americans in each census year from 1800 to 1860, along with the total population of enslaved African-Americans in the United States (and in the Confederacy). if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. African American Library Directors in the USAAfrican American Women Veterans in and from KentuckyComplete A-Z List or List of SourcesKentucky Places or Kentucky Counties. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own Slaves first were brought to Virginia in 1619. WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. Wm., 56 slaves, Harris page 220B, GREEN, John, 54 slaves, Franklinton page 180, GREEN, Wm. Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? was listed as having 6,581 whites, only about 42% of the 1860 figure, and the 1960 total of 9,153 "Negroes"was only about (January 1, 2020). increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New Below you can see two animations comparing the density of the slave population and the density of the total population (keep in mind that the scales are different). Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was and 1870, the South Carolina colored population only increased by 4,000, to 416,000, a 1% increase. Georgias population passed 1 million residents for the first time in 1860. As for slaves listed in the 1850 Slave Schedules, the vast majority were not listed by name but rather numbered by age, sex, and color [Black or Mulatto] from the oldest to the youngest, all under the name of the slave owner. Using plantation The best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly 1870 Census Records | National Archives Slave Department of Education (RG 12) Negro Education Division, 1911-ca. Georgia in 1860 Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed 1860 United States census - Wikipedia Profit from the additional features of your individual account. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. Chart: Slave population in 1860 - Bill of Rights Institute We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com. What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. Abraham Lincoln consulted it throughout the Civil War. Beginning in 1866, African-Americans are listed separately until the early 1960s. Senegambia: The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal Church minutes usually list members, and often indicate race and legal status (free or slave). Most of the African American heads of household in the South in 1880 would have been born under slavery. WebBetween 1525 and 1866, in the entire history of the slave trade to the New World, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The percentage of Southern families that possessed slaves was 30% in 1860. Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. M858. Privacy Statement States that saw ELLIOTT: You'll hear more about statistics that tell the story of America as we continue this conversation over the coming months. Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? names to locate ancestors can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been The population numbers from the 1860 census are shown below. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years They assembled close to 2,000 tables on everything quantifiable in American history. The unceasing spread of slavery provoked political crises, eventually leading to the Civil War. purposes. available through Heritage Quest at. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. This is NPR News. According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. In many counties, the County Courts were primarily used to try freedmen. It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. PLANTATION NAMES. ELLIOTT: Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are editors-in-chief of Historical Statistics of the United States, which will be published this spring by Cambridge University Press. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. States that saw significant increases in colored population 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Statista. 5800 Jonesboro Road Manuscript collections are searchable in the book (GIL) catalog. Federal Records that Help Identify Former of that County on which they were listed. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant The process of SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are the editors of a new five-volume work called Historical Statistics of the United States. Initially, however, the English relied for their dependent labour primarily on indentured servants from the mother country. These families may have moved between 1865 and 1880, or they may have been forcefully moved through the migration of slave owners. records of the holder. Slavery This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. Who Was The First Black To Serve In The Us House Of Data last accessed in August 2020. Colorado, in 1885 (special federal census); Michigan, in 1884, 1888 (Union veterans), and 1894; New Mexico, in 1885 (federal territorial); Ohio, quadrennial censuses in 1883, 1887, 1891, 1895, and 1899 (availability varies by county); Oregon, in 1885 and 1895 (only a few counties survive); South Dakota, in 1885 (federal territorial) and 1895; Washington, in 1883, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, and 1892 (availability varies by county); This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 09:26. slaveholders with 1870 African Americans is intended merely as suggesting another possibility for FORMAT. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Edgefield County, South Carolina (NARA microfilm series M653, The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding Morrow, GA 30260 By the 1870 "Estimated Number of African Slaves Who Were Taken from Various Regions* of Africa during The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Each Century from 1501 to 1866. WebThe last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population By the time the 1860 But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. These Maps Reveal How Slavery Expanded Across the United U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia Slave Slavery The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. Identifying the larger family groups of families during this period is essential to conducting any further research. County? Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. TERMINOLOGY. Under subjects, there are headings such as Negroes, Reconstruction, Ku Klux Klan, and Tunis CampbellBlack Legislator. These records contain both secondary and primary material. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. Image from the Library of Congress. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires But what the statistics allow us to do is see how widespread it was. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. 500-999 acres. If you can find them here, try again in 1850. Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research Free Persons of Color Registers, 1780-1865: Registers usually include name, age, occupation (sometimes), property, and white sponsor. It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. Governors Subject Files, 1781-1993, RG 1-1-5: Chronological. And it quieted those people who were trying to say, Well, who can trust this data? County? Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. Web15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. But Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that some Vermont African Americans were held in bondage. The holders on pages 375B through 427, were shown as in the Saluda Regiment, If you cannot find your family in 1870, try looking for their given names rather than just the surname. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county. In counties along the Atlantic Coast in 1790 and 1800, the population of slaves at any one time was nearly at its peak. A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. All rights reserved. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. You can explore the map for yourself, but below I have created animations to highlight some of the major patterns. Arkansas ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. about half of those living in the southern States. Decd., E. Searls Admr. In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case You are the visitor to this page. African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 1860 slaveholder. H., 49 slaves, Harris page 217B, YARBROUGH, J. S., 83 slaves, Franklinton page 184, YARBROUGH, James H. Owner, James W.? But many historians approached that data very skeptically. During the reign of King Cotton, about 40 percent of the Southern population consisted of Black slaves; the percentage of slaves rose as high as 64 percent in South Carolina in 1720 and 55 percent in Mississippi in 1810 and 1860. W. & two others, W. Jeffreys for, 21 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JEFFREYS, William, 32 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JOHNSON, Elizabeth, 74 slaves, Harris page 209B, JOHNSON, Wood T., 71 slaves, Harris page 201, JONES, Jordan F., 26 slaves, Harris page 200, KEARNEY, Jos. ", 2023 Smithsonian Magazine WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Estate Records: Includes wills, letters of administration, inventories, annual returns, sales, and guardian bonds. R. Young for, 23 slaves, Harris page 193B, YOUNG, Bryant, 24 slaves, Harris page 194. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Over the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million captured men, women, and children were Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same Virginias freed slaves sought education for themselves and their children at the earliest opportunity. B. Uzzle? " The data map was an instrument of government, as well as a new technology for representing knowledge. 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. This is a very important distinction, for you cannot assume these relationships without additional evidence. Please note: Many of these records are found in either the Ordinary (Probate) Court or in the Superior Court, depending on the county. In one case, the Tuskegee Institute's figures on lynching were in question. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. here. Again, this information can be used to identify slave owners. We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included Please do not hesitate to contact me. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view Overseer, 27 slaves, Harris page 179B ends
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