<< Jason Dawsey, PhD, is a Research Historian at the Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy. 124 0 obj << /Rotate 0 Germany and Japan conducted separate naval discussions, and Italy consulted the Japanese independently for its planned assault on Malta in 1942. /D [22 0 R /FitR 46 80 460 53] << /Type /Annot endobj In March 1944, Germany forced Hungary to accept occupationby German forces. /MediaBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] /CropBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] /Resources 182 0 R Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. /D [23 0 R /FitR 35 100 448 73] endobj /CropBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] Seventeen opposition deputies submitted an interpellation and one, Ivan Petrov, asked why the National Assembly had not been consulted in advance and whether the pact involved Bulgaria in war. endobj /D [24 0 R /FitR 46 70 460 43] >> << /Dest 120 0 obj >> /D [25 0 R /FitR 35 150 448 123] endobj The Beginnings On August 23, 1939, the German foreign ministers plane landed in Moscow. But existing scholarship largely neglects what is a surprising undercurrent in the diplomatic history of the Axis pact: the extent to which fears of German designs influenced Japanese leaders to join the Axis powers. /Creator (Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 10.0.1465/W Unicode) They were reluctant to get involved in a war with the Soviet Union. For the next five years, as Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany fomented dreadful wars in Asia and Europeto merge into a single global conflict in December 1941shifting war aims and new entanglements dramatically complicated connections between the two powers. These three countries recognized German and Italian dominance in continental Europe, as well as Japanese domination over East Asia. Japan acknowledged the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe, while Japan was granted lordship over Greater East Asia.. /Parent 11 0 R Each year, The National WWII Museum commemorates those who lost their lives on that fateful December day. [5], The Governments of Japan, Germany, and Italy consider it as the condition precedent of any lasting peace that all nations in the world be given each its own proper place, have decided to stand by and co-operate with one another in their efforts in Greater East Asia and the regions of Europe respectively wherein it is their prime purpose to establish and maintain a new order of things, calculated to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the peoples concerned. /Parent 11 0 R EXAMPLE: * know* A sport called baggataway was first played by North American Indians; today, the sport is ________ as lacrosse. /D [22 0 R /FitR 46 130 460 103] Overy, Richard. /Contents [253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R] B) His rise was partially precipitated by ruinous inflation. 84 0 obj /Kids [13 0 R 14 0 R] In broadening the scope of its sphere of interest to 'Greater' East Asia, Japanese leaders sought to deny Germany a hegemonic position in Japan's backyard, and sought to make Japanese preeminence in East and Southeast Asia the precondition for creating any BerlinRomeTokyo axis. << Tripartite Pact - defense.gov 131 0 obj /Dest Their aggression against other states left Germany, Italy, and Japan with few friends among the worlds countries. /D [21 0 R /FitR 35 210 448 183] 15 0 obj Five other nations joined the Axis during World War II: Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Croatia. endobj endobj /D [29 0 R /FitR 35 70 448 43] Over the next six months, over 3.8 million German, Romanian, Finlandian, Italian, Hungarian, and Slovakian soldiers would be sent to battle, officially opening the Eastern Front in World War II. << A) Hitler argued in favor of extending German territory for the purpose of However, On June 26, 1941, four days after the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Finland entered the war against the USSR as a co-belligerent. The Finns sought to regain territory lost during the 1939. /D [21 0 R /FitR 35 130 448 103] Germany, Italy and Hungary responded by invading Yugoslavia. 87 0 obj /Rect [120.926 549.297 130.507 558.822] 5 0 obj endobj 133 0 obj /Subtype /Link >> Although Abe stayed in office for even less time than Hiranuma, Japanese political and military elites during the fall of 1939 drew a vital lesson from what had happened that summer: rely on diplomacy with Stalin and avoid war with the Red Army. 128 0 R] /Resources 256 0 R endobj After he became Foreign Minister in February 1938, Ribbentrop never missed an opportunity to ventriloquize his Fhrers imperialism. 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R /D [20 0 R /FitR 46 160 460 133] No repetition of earlier triumphs occurred for the Japanese at Nomonhan/Khalkhin-Gol. 52 0 obj Bulgaria joined the Axis on March 1, 1941. >> WebA military alliance is a formal agreement between two or more parties concerning national security in which the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Japan, Germany and Italy affirm that the above agreement affects in no way the political status existing at present between each of the three Contracting Powers and Soviet Russia. /D [21 0 R /FitR 35 170 448 143] /D [23 0 R /FitR 35 130 448 103] /Type /Page 79 0 obj /Border [0 0 0] /Resources 215 0 R >> A) Denmark. /Pages 5 0 R Tripartite Pact - Wikipedia They further undertake to assist one another with all political, economic and military means if one of the Contracting Powers is attacked by a Power at present not involved in the European War or in the Japanese-Chinese conflict. 139 0 obj After Germany and Italy awarded parts of Transylvania back to Hungary and southern Dobruja back to Bulgaria and after the Soviet Union had taken Bessarabia, the Fascist Iron Guard party came to power and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact on November 23, 1940. This was due to the Romanian desire for protection against the Soviet Union. The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 19451946", "Three-Power Pact Between Germany, Italy, and Japan, Signed at Berlin, September 27, 1940", "Reluctant Allies: GermanJapanese Naval Relations in World War II (book review)", http://epa.oszk.hu/01500/01536/00013/pdf/UJ_1984_1985_075-115.pdf, https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/slovakian-invasion-the-long-forgotten-story-of-how-slovak-troops-helped-hitler-defeat-poland-1997, " ", China's Declaration of War Against Japan, Germany and Italy, "Pact Between the Axis Powers Barring a Separate Peace with the United States or Great Britain; December 11, 1941", Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854), Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854), Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856), Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United StatesJapan) (1859), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859), Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858), Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866), Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869), Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873), Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874, US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878), Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884), Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887), Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888), Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894), Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894), ItaloJapanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894), Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895), Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895), GermanJapanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), JapanChina Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), FrancoJapanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), JapanNetherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898), Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898), Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903), Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905), JapanRussia Secret Agreements (19071916), Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909), Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911), Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911), North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918), Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922), GermanJapanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927), Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935), Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936), Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940), Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940), Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941), Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951), Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952), Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954), JapanPhilippines Reparations Agreement (1956), SovietJapanese Joint Declaration of 1956, Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958), JapanSouth Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959), Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960), Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965), Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqu (1973), Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976), Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978), South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993), Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022), Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (19221946), Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic, Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripartite_Pact&oldid=1146336690, Military alliances involving Nazi Germany, Treaties of the Slovak Republic (19391945), Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (19201946), Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (18611946), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 March 2023, at 07:39. 69 0 obj /Border [0 0 0] /D [31 0 R /FitR 35 130 448 103] [21] The Soviet government sent a revised version of the pact to Germany on 25 November. /D [24 0 R /FitR 46 200 460 173] << In March 1944, Germany forced Hungary to accept, Following Hitlers suicide on April 30, 1945, Nazi Germany surrendered unconditionally to the Allies on May 8, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Holocaust and World War II: Key Dates, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. /Contents [222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R] endobj Captain Rick Jacobs will discuss the events of that terrible, heroic dayfrom the opening of Japan by Commodore Mathew Perry in the 1850s through the devastation at Pearl Harbor on December 7. the tripartite pact was a defensive alliance among select one: a. the united states, england, and russia. To subdue Greece and move the British off the European mainland, Nazi Germany sought to bring Yugoslavia and Bulgaria into the Axis alliance as well. endobj endobj Section Bank. did japan sign the tripartite act >> [24], The "joint technical commissions" required by the pact were established by an agreement of 20 December 1940. << During the Second World War, Germany asked Finland several times to sign the pact but the Finnish government declined all offers. endobj /Filter /FlateDecode /D [32 0 R /FitR 46 140 460 113] endobj [2] Its practical effects were limited since the Italo-German and Japanese operational theatres were on opposite sides of the world, and the high contracting powers had disparate strategic interests. /Type /Page endobj The historian Paul W. Schroeder has described it as rapidly declining from a "position of importance in late 1940 to one of merely nominal existence in late 1941"[28] and as "virtually inoperative" by December 1941. 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R >> [17] On 27 March, the regime was overthrown in a military coup d'tat with British support. << 14 0 obj >> 23) The Munich agreement of 1938 endobj It did so because the Germans agreed to respect Yugoslav neutrality in the war against Greece and did not demand transit rights for Axis troops. << endobj Due primarily to the leadership of General Georgi Zhukov, this clash ended in disaster for Japan in August 1939, with more than 8,600 killed and more than 9,000 wounded. On May 22, 1939, Germany and Italy expanded their political alliance into a military one by signing the Pact of Friendship and Alliance. /Annots [313 0 R 314 0 R] The war ended for Hungary in early April 1945, when the Soviet Unions Red Army drove the last German and Hungarian forces from Hungarian territory. A 10-year deal between the three, the Pact called for each country to offer military, political, and economic assistance if a /ModDate (D:20220718034312+00'00') << >> endobj >> /D [17 0 R /FitR 35 108 448 81] The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Sabur Kurusu. /D [27 0 R /FitR 35 130 448 103] endobj >> 35 0 obj 18 0 obj << world war two - Articles 3 & 5 of the Tripartite Pact are endobj /D [31 0 R /FitR 35 150 448 123] 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R >> 116 0 obj 21) By the middle of 1940, Germany had defeated On September 27, 1940, they signed the Tripartite Pact. << Compounding the terrible results of the Incident, news of the August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, followed the next month by Germanys partition of Poland with the Soviets, struck the Japanese government like thunderbolts. A footnote: There was a fourth signatory to the PactHungary, which was dragged into the Axis alliance by Germany in November 1940. endobj In turn, Hungary's accession had been delayed until Romania's had been negotiated. Much changed, however, after Imperial Japans invasion of China in July 1937, especially during the summer of 1939. /D [17 0 R /FitR 35 98 448 71] 32 0 obj /Rotate 0 Military alliances differ from coalitions, which formed for a crisis that already exists. >> 27 0 obj 47 0 obj 9 0 obj /Type /Pages [9], The Italian foreign minister, Ciano, was resolutely opposed to the idea of adding smaller states to the pact as late as 20 November 1940; he argued in his diary that they weakened the pact and were useless bits of diplomacy. << The representatives set up a propaganda commission and then adjourned indefinitely. /Parent 10 0 R << endobj << >> /D [27 0 R /FitR 35 558 448 530] /Type /Page The Pact also recognized the two spheres of influence. b. the united states, england, and france. Accordingly, the Governments of Japan, Germany and Italy have agreed as follows:[6]. /Type /Annot 42 0 obj /URI (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) This lesson held well into 1945. >> Tripartite - Wikipedia /Subtype /Link >> The three principal partners in the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan. ARTICLE III. 2 0 obj Hungary never surrendered. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941) and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941) as well as by the German client state of Slovakia (24 November 1940). /Type /Page /D [25 0 R /FitR 35 140 448 113] endobj With pomp and circumstance, Hitler, Imperial Japans Ambassador to Germany, Sabur Kurusu (later a central figure in diplomatic talks between Japan and the United States prior to Pearl Harbor), and Count Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolinis son-in-law, gathered in Berlin. endobj Receiving no response, Japan approached Italy. 31 0 obj >> The Duce saw this partnership as not only a defensive alliance, protection from the Western democracies, with whom he anticipated war, but also a source of backing for his Balkan adventures. As Germany gained ascendancy over much of Europe, many within Japan's foreign policy establishment began to fear that Berlin would seek to control French and Dutch colonies in East Asia. Thus, Germany began to cajole and pressure those European states that were sympathetic to the Nazi regime to join the Axis. To do so, Germany needed to secure raw materials; establish transit rights for German troops; and ensure the cooperation or participation of other European states. On Sunday June 22, 1941, Operation Barbarossa saw a massive invading army from across the Axis powers in Europe invade the Soviet Union. On 15 December 1941, the first meeting of all three commissions in one capital, Berlin, took place, labelled a "Tripartite Pact Conference". >> Since the Hungarian regent, Mikls Horthy, had specifically instructed Sztjay to ask for Hungary to be the first new state to accede to the pact, Ribbentrop granted the request.[9]. << WebTripartite Pact U.S. Department Defense Tripartite Pact Leaders of the Axis powers, Japan, Italy and Germany, sign the Tripartite Pact, creating an alliance between the endobj On June 26, 1941, four days after the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Finland entered the war against the USSR as a co-belligerent. The Finns sought to regain territory lost during the 19391940 Winter War with the Soviet Union. After the Soviets rejected its offer of an armistice, Bulgaria surrendered on September 8, 1944. Learn more about Tripartite Pact at: brainly.com/question/4300695, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . >> endobj The Hungarian ambassador in Berlin, Dme Sztjay, telegraphed his foreign minister, Istvn Csky, immediately after news of the signing and of Ribbentrop's speech had reached him. D) believed Germany posed a direct threat to the United States. /MediaBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] Italy was invited to sign a similar agreement in Rome at the same time for propaganda purposes, but none of the supplementary Berlin protocols applied to Italo-Japanese relations. endobj The Romanians hoped that loyal support for a German invasion of the Soviet Union and faithful oil deliveries would: 1) destroy the Soviet threat; 2) return to Romania provinces annexed by the Soviet Union in June 1940; and 3) win German support for the return of Northern Transylvania. 53 0 obj 121 0 obj They also did not want to antagonize Yugoslavia, which was nominally an ally of Greece. /Annots [153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R] /Rotate 0 Initially, Bulgarian leaders stalled and resisted German pressure to join the Axis alliance. >> The correct option is C. The Tripartite Pact was an agreement concluded by Germany, Italy, and Japan on September 27, 1940; that was one year after the start of World War II. /CropBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] 16 0 obj /Subtype /Link /D [25 0 R /FitR 35 160 448 133] /Type /Catalog The assault quickly plunged the United States into a world-changing war. /Title (S0960777322000340jra 1..17) >> << /Kids [27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] >> Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War, July 1937-May 1942. >> /Type /Annot Tripartite Pact /Kids [10 0 R 11 0 R] /Annots [236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R] 45 0 obj Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. >> /D [22 0 R /FitR 46 643 460 629] endobj 1940 Winter War with the Soviet Union. [9], In the week after Hungary's "spiritual adherence", the Balkan situation changed. /D [24 0 R /FitR 46 120 460 93] The primary reason for Germanys occupation was its legitimate fear that Hungary would desert the Axis, as Italy had done six months earlier. endobj /Next 129 0 R bite Sharks ________ the whale but did not badly injure it. words that change meaning depending on the ar, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Discrete Questions Psych/Soc. >> 100 0 obj [30] The charge that the Pact was part of an effort to co-ordinate aggression and achieve world domination also formed part of the case brought against the Nazi leaders at Nuremberg. It Adolf Hitler[21], When they received the Soviet proposal in November, they simply did not reply. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 endobj In response, Csky asked Sztjay and the ambassador in Rome, Frigyes Villani, to make enquiries regarding Hungary's accession and its potential obligations under the pact. Journal of Contemporary History is an international forum for the analysis and discussion of 20th century history: the people, periods, places and critical issues. [22], Japan attacked Thailand at 02:00 local time on 8 December 1941. The present accord is effective immediately on its signature and remains in force for the duration of the Tripartite Pact, signed Sept. 27, 1940. >> 945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130info@nationalww2museum.org << 61 0 obj 1 0 obj << /D [19 0 R /FitR 35 140 448 113] the tripartite pact was a defensive alliance among select Enter a date in the format M/D (e.g., 1/1), The Tripartite Pact is signed by Germany, Italy and Japan, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-tripartite-pact-is-signed-by-germany-italy-and-japan, Rachel Carsons "Silent Spring" is published, John Adams appointed to negotiate peace terms with British, British suffragette Sylvia Pankhurst dies, John Kipling killed at the Battle of Loos, Franklin Roosevelt appeals to Hitler for peace, Sheriff Wild Bill Hickok proves too wild for Kansas, "My Own Private Idaho premieres in theaters, Ships collide off Newfoundland, killing 322, Zsa Zsa Gabor storms out of the courtroom. 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R Hiranuma, a fervent anti-communist, had feared that closer ties with Nazi Germany might drag Japan into a conflict with Britain and France it was not ready to fight. >> As USS Arizonaburned on December 7, 1941, Lt. However, it did allow German forces to transit and operate from Finnish territory, and Finnish forces fought alongside the Germans. /CropBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] B) put most of Poland under German control. stream << endobj /Length 1729 << Author Unknown. It was also attended by some Hungarian officers. << << endobj 19) The America First Committee It was under Abe that Japan went to the negotiation table with Stalin in mid-September. endobj d. japan, germany, and austria. endobj [15], Bulgaria's hand was finally forced by Germany's desire to intervene in the Italo-Greek War, which would require moving troops through Bulgaria. These three countries recognized German and Italian dominance in continental Japan had already seized Manchuria (a part of China) on September 18, 1931. The latter, known as the Nomonhan Incident or Khalkhin-Gol Incident as the Soviets dubbed it, the Museums longtime friend, historian Rich Frank, characterizes as a battle that rightly deserves ranking among the most important of World War II.. /Type /Annot /D [19 0 R /FitR 35 320 448 293] endobj WebThe Tripartite Pact, also the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signing the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, with Joseph Stalin and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop behind him, August 23, 1939. 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 3 0 obj Two events in 1939, though, threw this assumption into crisis, fundamentally transforming German-Japanese relations. >> endobj /Count -5 Request Permissions. >> >> H. L. Trefousse (1951), "Germany and Pearl Harbor". 23 0 obj Diplomatic relations between Finland and the United States were maintained until June 1944 although the US ambassador had already been recalled. /Rect [132.094 47.055 149.329 54.028] endobj << /CropBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] /CropBox [0 0 493.228 700.157] /Rotate 0 endobj endobj endobj If memories of the Russo-Japanese War and Japans moves into Siberia during the Russian Civil War lingered, or Japanese overconfidence resulting from reports about Stalins purging of Marshal Tukhachevsky and other leading figures in the Red Army in 1937-38, they were quickly dispelled. /Annots [183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R] >> Join us for the concluding event of our 80th Anniversary of Pearl Harbor programming, a discussion that covers a sweeping history of Americas long and fateful military relationship with the Philippines amid a century of Pacific warfare. << All Rights Reserved. >> /Count 7 In late July 1943, leaders of the Italian Fascist Party deposed and arrested Fascist leader and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. << << 107 0 obj endobj endobj /Type /Annot << endobj Foreign Minister Ysuke Matsuokas proclamation of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in early August only confirmed for the United States how dire things looked in both Europe and Asia. Tripartite Pact
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