Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The first was their loyalty to the South and to the Southern way of life. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. After several years of teaching, I transitioned into the world of educational consulting. Garrison was a close ally of Frederick Douglass, who escaped his enslavement and whose 1845 autobiography became a bestseller. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. "Remember the Alamo". When the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), embodying the principle of popular sovereignty, opened Kansas and Nebraska to slaveryland that had long been reserved for the westward expansion of the free statesNortherners began to organize themselves into an antislavery political party, called in some states the Anti-Nebraska Democratic Party and in others the Peoples Party but in most places the Republican Party. The seceding states made their motives clear in many ways. Powerful southerners like South Carolinian John C. Calhounhighlighted laws like the Tariff of 1828 as evidence of the Norths desire to destroy the southern economy and, by extension, its culture. There was a greater sense of community and better living conditions on plantations. But they refused to see this defeat as a divine judgment on their beliefs and actions. did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. the belief that people of African descent were mentally and morally inferior, The internal slave trade in the Unites States ran from the, During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production. On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-3-wealth-and-culture-in-the-south, https://cnx.org/contents/NgBFhmUc@14.3:iQkwpaR_@8/6-25-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-John-C-Calhoun-Slavery-as-a-Positive-Good-1837#fs-idm205300544. How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery. mandated by the United States Constitution. Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day. The rest of Palmer's sermon is an exhortation to stand firm against the reformers and the Northeven if that means secession. no, and many slaves were forbidden to testify in court, the area comprised of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana in which most slaves lived by 1860, no, and many states outlawed teaching them to read; at the beginning of the Civil War, 90% of slaves were illiterate, they could be hired out/rented for money; they would keep some of the money as encouragement and some used it to buy their freedom, in 1800, he led an armed uprising in Richmond, VA, but it was foiled by informers and the leaders hanged, he led a rebellion in Charleston in 1822, but informers foiled it and the leaders hanged; at a designated time, all Charleston slaves were supposed to kill their masters; it was widely publicized to show white dominance, he led an uprising in 1831 that killed 60 Virginians; he persuaded some slaves to obtain weapons and kill white people, but he was caught and tortured; it was kept secret to prevent other slaves from doing the same, but the story spread. This message was accepted gladly both by whites and a significant number of slaves. Slave owners believed they helped enslaved people by providing food, shelter, and clothing while relieving them of responsibility. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 18651920. Garrisons uncompromising tone infuriated not only Southerners but many Northerners as well and was long treated as though it were typical of abolitionism in general. How did abolitionists in the North respond to Southern apologists? They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. I'm passionate about helping people achieve their dreams, and I believe that education is the key to unlocking everyone's potential. He published Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society in 1854, in which he laid out what he believed to be the benefits of slavery to both the enslaved persons and society as a whole. Therefore, secession remained a reserved right of the states. It has kept pace with its brethren in other sections of the Union where slavery does not exist. The sermon, which reads in part almost like the Declaration of Independence, notes that a nation "often has a character as well defined and intense as that of the individual" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). The Antebellum South In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition. . Indeed, Virginians cited Garrison as the instigator of Nat Turners 1831 rebellion. New York: Viking, 2006. Curiously, despite their status as personal property rather than as individuals, slaves were welcomed and even encouraged to attend church services. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. Our negroes are not only better off as to physical comfort than free laborers, but their moral condition is better. During the war, Confederate soldiers were optimistic about the prospects for the survival of the Confederacy and the institution of slavery well into 1864. I'm Cary Hardy, an education expert and consultant. Abolitionists were a divided group. In the case of the Episcopalians, several Southern dioceses seceded to form the Episcopal Church, C.S.A. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). how did other states react to Virginia's 1831 and 1832 policies? In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. a informal network of people that helped fugitive slaves make their way to the North, Most southern planters considered their slaves to be. The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. Johnson, Thomas Cary. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel, Opposition to slavery in British North America began in the late seventeenth century but was limited mostly to a minority of Quakers and a few Purita, Woolman, John ." During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842. many escaped slaves hiding in Florida fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. I have seen them rock to and fro under the influence of their feelings, like a wood in a storm. See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom, Learn how the work of Frederick Douglass still matters today, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Southern defense of the peculiar institution, The History of Slavery in North America Quiz, Slavery and Resistance Through History Quiz, raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry. Consequently, many Northerners remained unwilling to adopt abolitionist policy and were distrustful of abolitionist extremism. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. Abraham, the "father of faith," and all the patriarchs held slaves without God's disapproval (Gen. 21:9-10). How did abolitionists in the North respond to Southern apologists? A They found ample support for slavery in both the Old and New Testaments and pointed out that the great civilizations of the ancient worldEgypt, Greece, and Romewere slave societies. In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. See also slavery. Rather than emphasize that slavery was a profitable labor system essential to the health of the southern economy, apologists turned to the Bible and history. Because of this perceived threat to southern society, Calhoun argued that states could nullify federal laws. How does Calhoun go beyond the traditional legal defenses of slavery and attempt to convince the audience that slavery is, indeed, good for all involved? It is odious to make comparison; but I appeal to all sides whether the South is not equal in virtue, intelligence, patriotism, courage, disinterestedness, and all the high qualities which adorn our nature. Canaan, Ham's son, was made a slave to his brothers . Still, by the beginning of the nineteenth century a large number of Southerners in fact opposed slavery (Hudson 1987, p. 190). Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. Members of this group fully supported slavery. immigrants; it was better to pay someone than to risk losing an investment, not really; they had minimal protection from arbitrary murder or unusually cruel punishments and some states prohibited the sale of children under 10. did authorities enforce laws that benefited slaves? Fitzhugh argued that laissez-faire capitalism, as celebrated by Adam Smith, benefited only the quick-witted and intelligent, leaving the ignorant at a huge disadvantage. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. 299300). 6 (June 1860): 401409. The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. In what ways does Calhoun use legal arguments to defend the idea that Congress cannot interfere in the institution of slavery? After all, the New Testaments injunctions for slaves to obey their masters appeared alongside instructions for wives to obey their husbands., This hierarchy placed white men (including ministers) at the top, because slaves (and white women and children) were incapable of ordering themselves. promin, Slavery Forced to sign a document stating that Texas was independent after losing the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. Did the Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory? John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. For these ministers, slavery not only had divine sanction, it was a necessary part of Christianity. This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? Then he moves on with an appeal to emotional and spiritual elements: Need I pause to show how this system is interwoven with our entire social fabric; that these slaves form parts of our households, even as our children; and that, too, through a relationship recognized and sanctioned in the Scriptures of God even as the other? Calhoun then offered a moral defense of slavery by claiming it to be a more humane method of organizing labor than the conditions wage laborers faced in industrial cities in Europe and the northern United States. slave labor was superior to Northern paid labor since slaves were outside, did not have to worry about unemployment or the economy, and they were cared for when sick or old, an 1836 measure supported by Southerners that was pushed through the House to require antislavery appeals to be postponed without debate; representative JQ Adams repealed it after 8 years. Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration, the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.S. Civil War. His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious. The enthusiasm with which slaves embraced Christianity was in part a result of their desire to find a faith that they could embrace in a new landand that would embrace them. Which description best identifies how Christian slaveholders justified the enslavement of other human beings? 89). did many blacks want to move back to Africa? Does South Dakota State University Have A Medical School? About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. To put teeth into the act, Congress passed a law in March 1862 prohibiting the return of slaves. You cannot download interactives. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? Affluent plantation owners thought that the middle class society in the north was terrible. 255-268. The former-slave Frederick Douglass noted that that the framers purposefully avoided the mention of slavery in the Constitution. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. What Are 5 Warning Signs That A Tornado May Occur? Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War.
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