During the reign of the first four caliphs, Arab Muslims conquered large regions in the Middle East, including Syria, Palestine, Iran and Iraq. ; in Arabic: muathi (mu-a-thin) [IPA: mn) is any person at the mosque who makes the adhan, or athan (call to prayer) for the Friday prayer service and the five daily prayers, or Salah, Arabic for prayer. Several Iranian places and institutions are named "Imam Khomeini", including a city, an international airport, a hospital, and a university. In some other applications, such as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent humanitarian aid movement, a red crescent indicates that followers of Islam are respected and treated accordingly. The Leaders of Islam Wikipedia The term Mullah is a variation of the word mawla(means master or lord) and Mawlana is its derivative (means my lord) and are used mainly in Central Asia and in the Sub-Continent . Some mosques have specific places for the adhan to be made from, such as a minaret or a designated area in the mosque. The Night Journey and Ascension of the Prophet Due to animistic belief of ancient Javanese people, the title "Kyai" is also used to call almost all persons and things venerated. Most of the Meccan population converted to Islam. Sunnis revere all four caliphs, while Shi'is regard 'Ali as the first spiritual leader. Muezzin (the word is pronounced this way Turkish, Urdu, etc. Because Muhammad was the chosen recipient and messenger of the word of God through the divine revelations, Muslims from all walks of life strive to follow his example. Ayatollahs can reach the position of a Marja-e-Taqlid, which allows them to issue fatwi (Arabic, plural of "fatwa"). By carefully comparing accounts, scholars have identified common elements that were in circulation by the late 7th century, and some rudimentary details are confirmed by non-Islamic sources (e.g., a Syriac chronicle and an Armenian history) dating to the first few decades after his traditional death date. But of course it's not what happened. Instead, Husseins martyrdom at Karbala became the central story of Shia tradition, and is commemorated yearly as Ashoura, the most solemn date on the Shia calendar. Religious leadership in Islamic social circles, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_religious_leaders&oldid=1147270042, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 29 March 2023, at 21:21. Leaders These are sometimes linked with place-names, such as the passing reference to a victory at a place called Badr at 3:123. Eventually the Sunni majority (named for sunna, or tradition) won out, and chose Muhammads close friend Abu Bakr to become the first caliph, or leader, of the Islamic community. It is an Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word or Khalfah, which means "successor", that is, successor to the Muhammad. This combination of money and power would only grow. Sunni Islam does not have imams in the same sense as the Shi'a, an important distinction often overlooked by those outside of the Islamic religion. He usually is the person who performs the athan. This group became known as the followers of Ali; in Arabic the Shiat Ali, or simply Shia. Amid the increasing politicization of Islam and the rise of fundamentalists on both sides of the divide, sectarian tensions intensified in the early 21st century, especially amid the upheavals caused by two Persian Gulf Wars, the chaos that followed the U.S.-backed ouster of Saddam Husseins Sunni regime in Iraq, and the mass uprisings across the region that began with the Arab Spring in 2011. Sahib denotes an Islamic leader held in high regard by one or more other Muslims. It was obviously intended by the Ummayads to put the definitive end to all claims to leadership of the ummah as a matter of direct descendence from Muhammad, says Hazleton of Husseins death, and the death of all the surviving members of Muhammads family, at Karbala. Within the century after Muhammads death, his followers had built an empire that stretched from Central Asia to Spain. As in many religions, there is no single image or symbol of Islam that is universally accepted by all Muslims worldwide. The Qurn provides very few concrete details regarding Muhammads life. The treaty was broken by the Meccan allies a year later. For instance, unlike many earlier Western accounts, no attempt will be made to remove supernatural elements from the narrative in the interest of transforming it into an account that appears plausible by modern historiographical standards. By carefully comparing alternative versions of one and the same biographical narrative, scholars have been able to show that a certain number of traditions about Muhammads lifefor instance, an account of the Prophets emigration from Mecca to Medinawere in circulation already by the end of the 7th century. An important collector of such early traditions was Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, a relative of ishah who was probably born in 643644 and who is plausibly viewed as having had firsthand access to former companions of the Prophet. Islamic religious leaders He spent his entire life in what is now the country of Saudi Arabia, from his birth about 570 CE in Mecca to his death in 632 in Medina. For example, before Muhammads emigration to Medina he is said to have received an oath of allegiance by twelve inhabitants of the city, an obvious parallel to the Twelve Apostles, and during the digging of a defensive trench around Medina Muhammad is said to have miraculously sated all the workers from a handful of dates, recalling Jesus feeding of the multitude. Followers of Islam aim to live a life of complete submission to Allah. They illustrate a narrative in biographies and histories, while in literary texts they serve as visual analogues to written praises of the Prophet. They believe there will be a day of judgment, and life after death. Spreading the Message of Islam Islam In Medina, Muhammad continued to receive divine revelations and built an ever-expanding community around the new faith. However, many Muslims do not support such extreme measures. All Rights Reserved. In its narrow sense it refers to scholars of Islamic Jurisprudence. Most of his early life was spent as a merchant. Most people in Mecca either ignored him or mocked him as just another prophet. Divine Revelations Why are images of Muhammad generally prohibited in Islam? Finally, it is distinctly possible that some reports about events in Muhammads life emerged not from historical memory but from exegetical speculation about the historical context of particular verses of the Qurn. Some Orientalists wrote the title as Khalf. Ali, himself, was killed in 661, as the bitter power struggle between Sunni and Shia continued. Nonetheless, some accretion of popular legend around a figure as seminal as Muhammad would be entirely expected. WebLeadership. He led the Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca, the precedent for the hajj, in 632, the year of his death. Most of the biographical information that the Islamic tradition preserves about Muhammad thus occurs outside the Qurn, in the so-called srah (Arabic: biography) literature. Muhammad, in full Ab al-Qsim Muammad ibn Abd Allh ibn Abd al-Mualib ibn Hshim, (born c. 570, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]died June 8, 632, Medina), the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurn. In the final major confrontation, The Battle of the Trench and Siege of Medina, Muhammad and his followers prevailed and a treaty was signed. Death Year: 632, Death date: June 8, 632, Death City: Medina, Death Country: Saudi Arabia, Article Title: Muhammad Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/religious-figures/muhammad, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: April 6, 2020, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. Most such information thus comes from the srah (biography) literature, consisting of accounts of his life by various writers dating mainly from the 8th and 9th centuries. Founder of Islam Today, Shiite Muslims have a considerable presence in Iran, Iraq and Syria. (Muhammad himself was never taught to read or write.). Enter the OTP you received in your Email Inbox. However, Shia tradition states he welcomed the message from the Angel Gabriel and was deeply inspired to share his experience with other potential believers. In his early teens, Muhammad worked in a camel caravan, following in the footsteps of many people his age, born of meager wealth. e. Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. The move from Mecca to Medina is known as the hijrathe flightand marks year 1 of the Islamic, or hijri, calendar. In time, Muhammad earned a reputation as honest and sincere, acquiring the nickname al-Amin meaning faithful or trustworthy. The color green is also sometimes associated with Islam, as it was reportedly a favorite color of Muhammad's and is often featured prominently in the flags of predominantly Muslim countries. Founder of Islam Muhammad was born into the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraish, around 570 A.D. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. But starting in the late 20th century, the schism deepened, exploding into violence in many parts of the Middle East as extreme brands of Sunni and Shia Islam battle for both religious and political supremacy. The Shi'a believe that the last Imam, the 12th Imam Mahdi will one day emerge on the Day of Resurrection (Qiyamah). WebIslamic religious leaders by nationality (20 C) A. Ayatollahs (8 C, 14 P) C. Caliphs (28 C, 4 P) Muslim clergy (3 C, 1 P) F. Female Islamic religious leaders (3 C, 28 P) G. Grand Muftis (30 C, 15 P) I. Imams (10 C, 12 P) M. Marja' (3 P) Religious leaders of the medieval Islamic world (9 C) A mihrab is a decorative feature or niche in the mosque that indicates the direction to Mecca, and therefore the direction to face during prayer. Islam also spread throughout areas in Europe, Africa, and Asia. After the conflict with Mecca was finally settled, Muhammad took his first true Islamic pilgrimage to that city and in March, 632, he delivered his last sermon at Mount Arafat. (There are dozens of these guys out there and evangelicals, even the minorities in the space, are missing a massive opportunity. This journey became known as the Hijra (also spelled Hegira or Hijrah), and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Pew Research Center.Islam Rituals and Worship: Symbolism,The Religion Library.The Islamic Calendar: TimeandDate.com. Shaykh/Shaykha: spiritual leader (usually male, occasionally female), especially of a Sufi Circle. Muhammad was the prophet and founder of Islam. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. WebIslamic religious leaders by nationality (20 C) A. Ayatollahs (8 C, 14 P) C. Caliphs (28 C, 4 P) Muslim clergy (3 C, 1 P) F. Female Islamic religious leaders (3 C, 28 P) G. Grand Muftis (30 C, 15 P) I. Imams (10 C, 12 P) M. Marja' (3 P) Religious leaders of the medieval Islamic world (9 C) Other, smaller Muslim denominations within the Sunni and Shiite groups exist. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Ruhollah Khomeini is officially referred to as Imam in Iran. Islam A common thread in most of these conflicts is the ongoing battle between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Iran for influence in the oil-rich Middle East and surrounding regions. Islamic religious leaders WebThe first of them is his son, Hasan, then Husayn, then Ali ibn Husayn, then Muhammad ibn Ali, then Ja'far ibn Muhammad, then Musa ibn Ja'far, then Ali ibn Musa, then Muhammad ibn Ali, then Ali ibn Muhammad, then Hasan ibn Ali then al-Hujjah al-Qaim al-Mahdi al-Hadi ibn Hasan, Master of the Time (May Allah hasten his blessed advent). The text is considered the sacred word of God and supercedes any previous writings. Webt. The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam Most of his early life was spent as a merchant. Shiite Muslims believe that only the caliph Ali and his descendants are the real successors to Muhammad. When Muhammad died in 632, he had not named a successor. It also outlines marriage guidelines and other moral principles for Muslims. In Sunni belief, the term is used for the founding scholars of the four Sunni madhhabs, or schools of religious jurisprudence (fiqh). Accounts of the ascension (mi'raj) of Muhammad have captured the imaginations of writers and painters for centuries. At the same time, the nature of the sources is not such as to inspire confidence that we possess historically certain knowledge about the Prophets life that is as detailed as many earlier scholars tended to assume. Although polygamy was then prevalent in Arabic society, he was monogamously married to his first wife, Khadjah, until her death after about 25 years of marriage. After the Prophet's Death: Emergence of Shi'i and Sunni Sects of Islam Eid al-Adha: celebrates the Prophet Abrahams willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah. Gradually the people of Mecca turned to polytheism and idolatry. Ayatollah (Arabic: ; Persian: ) is a prestigious title given to major Shia clergymen. 8:10 AM MYT. The Hijra OTP entered does not match. In 610 he experienced a vision of the archangel Gabriel. (Traditionally, a congregations Imam is a man; a woman may serve as prayer leader for a women-only gathering.) The rift between these two factions has resulted in differences in worship as well as political and religious views. At times, the imams were elected. It is believed to have been built by Abraham (Ibrahim to Muslims) and his son Ismail. Despite their differences, Sunni and Shia have lived alongside each other in relative peace for most of history. [38] In the Zaidi Shiite sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in Yemen for more than a thousand years. Lithograph by Carlo Bossoli, Imam Khomeini, leader of the Iranian revolution, A Bosniak military imam in the Austro-Hungarian Army, Grand Mufti Mirza Huseyn Qayibzade of Tbilisi, Grand Mufti Absattar Derbisali of Kazakhstan, Portrait of Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus Ahmad Huseinzadeh by Ali bey Huseynzadeh, Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus Abdussalam Akhundzadeh.
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