[29], In France, the Coty-funded organization also relayed the documentation of the International Centre for the Active Struggle against Communism (CILACC), founded in 1929 by Victor and Joseph Douilletwhose successful 1928 book was the reference used by Herg for his volume Tintin in the Land of the Soviets. A cultural history of the Russian emigration, 1919-1939, New York 1990: Oxford University Press. "She used to say she had lived completely different lives, and that each was rich in its own way," says her granddaughter Catherine Melnik, an art dealer whose elegant Paris apartment is crammed with Russian paintings. This astonished White Russians; many of those who had naturalized would join the French army. [8] The prefect of the Maritime Alps to the Interior Minister, August 23, 1918, 2p., AN/20010216/282. [27], Although some of the White Russians arrived with their fortunes intact, most were penniless and due to ethnic prejudices and their inability to speak Chinese, were unable to find jobs. It claimed that the White Russians could not be satisfied with wanting to defeat Bolshevism in Russia but must fight it wherever they found themselvesthat is, allied with every enemy of the Soviet Union. Overall, Hitlers advent was met with enthusiasm among those Russians in France. After the October Revolution, France remained loyal to the fallen Romanov dynasty. operation TREST and the Inner Line). [12], Eventually, traditions lost in Soviet Russia were reconstituted abroad, as was the social and political dominance of military veterans and clergy members. [16] A/S du Centre dUnification des Organisations Nationalistes Russes, September 1937, 2 p., AN/19880206/7. Lud Fedoseyeva was the best-paid Russian model, an migr supermodel. Dedicated to Vladimir Ivanovich Labounsky, the last White officer of Meudon (1900-1994) We are the grandchildren of Red Army soldiers and commissars. 16, AN/20010216/282. After the withdrawal of US and Japanese troops from Siberia, some migrs traveled to Japan. And despite having never lived there, she had the strange sensation of being somewhere familiar, thanks to her grandmother's vivid stories. Douillets reputation for corruption was reinforced when Colonel Aleksandr Resanov, a member of White Russian counterintelligence during the Civil War, published an indictment after leaving CILACC[31] in which he alleged that the Douillet family was raising funds for personal gaina claim confirmed by the French police, who considered CILACC a purely commercial venture.[32], Paris was also the starting point of White Russian international organizations such as the International Anti-Bolshevik Initiative Committee (IABIC), founded in 1930 by the Russian Massialas Galitzin and the Romanian Theodore Crivez. Montparnasse, the heart of bohemian caf society in Paris, was a far cry from the grand mansions of Boulogne-sur-Seine or the richer districts of Passy and Auteuil inhabited by the Russian denizens of Belle poque Paris. Some managed to leave during the 1920s and 1930s, or were expelled by the Soviet government (such as, for example, Pitirim Sorokin and Ivan Ilyin). ), Der groe Exodus. Karlinsky, Simon Freedom from Violence and Lies: Essays on Russian Poetry and Music, Boston, Academic Studies Press, 2013. [23] RG, Les migrs russes en France et linfluence hitlrienne sur leurs groupements, January 29, 1938, pp. The term is often broadly applied to anyone who may have left the country due to the change in regimes. [59] A/S dun nouveau journal russe, Autour du Monde, cr par Alexandre Sipelgas, 4 juillet 1935, 2p., AN/19940500/309. He naturalized as a French citizen in 1927 and was then ordained as a Catholic priest there. Some also came there to treat tuberculosis which was then rampant. 12, AN/20010216/282). Some white migrs, labeled "Soviet patriots," adopted pro-Soviet sympathies. France 24 - International breaking news, top stories and headlines. With the White Russians in Paris. The International Congress of Russian Monarchists was held in Bavaria in 1921 and brought together 200 figures from 33 countries. In short, according to a detailed 1933 report by the French political police, Russians in France were integrated but not assimilated: their rate of ordinary crimes and misdemeanors was very low, and they commonly learned French, but they seldom asked to be naturalized. The exchanges between the Finnish and French services led to the conclusion that the BRT was simply a bluff.[39]. The party affirmed that, ultimately, migrs must develop reconcilable orientations on a global scale and join in an international military intervention against Moscow. In fact, a monument to Pushkin would have been built in Paris had not a dispute arisen with the Ministry of Fine Arts over its precise location. [30] But Prince Andrey Kuragin, the Russian secretary of the EIA and a naturalized French citizen, rejected Douillet as corrupt. This article contributes to the field by looking at White Russian monarchist circles based in France and their attraction to Nazi Germany. It was from this community of Germanophile veterans that the approximately 700 White Russians who volunteered to fight in Spain for General Franco originated. When it became abundantly clear the Whites would never take back Russia, France switched sides, recognizing the Soviet Union in 1924. But just as Evie arrives, her grandmother becomes very ill. Among those who were opposed to the Weimar Republic were nationalists and former members of the imperial German army Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff. The Russian section of this unified organization was tasked with liberating Russia by joining an Anti-Comintern International, meant to bring together the religious, national, fascist, national socialist, popular, cultural forces of all countries.[51]. [10], This was especially the case in France, the home of the largest overseas Russian community, where services honoring the events of World War I were a major part of French life after 1918, and where by honoring the Russian war dead allowed the Russian migrs in France to take part in the ceremonials, letting the migrs feel like a part of the wider French community. As the decades passed, emigres blended in with the locals. Its audience was made even larger by the two Russian-language newspapers it published: Mladoross and Russkaia iskra. She learned firsthand the stories of White Russian emigres who fled the Bolshevik revolution. Internal processes of socio-political control were also developed: in 1935, a popular restaurant was opened in Paris for all unemployed Ukrainian workers in need, with the notable exception of communists.[2]. This smaller second wave fairly quickly began to assimilate into the white migr community. During the First World War, the Russian Empire and France were allied against the Triplice concluded between the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Italy. The nature of the link between the Whites in France and Germany is well encapsulated by the Russian Fascist Party (Russkaia fashistkaia partiia, RFP). Let us earn the right not to blush, but be proud of our existence abroad. Source: Open source. Their wounds and suffering are for Russia. [44], Much more serious is the case of the Mladorossy, or Young Russians. The leader of the Young Russians preferred to look to Italy, from which he obtained funds.[52]. Like the rest of the movement, the French section was clearly pro-Kirill. Pierre de Fermor, president of Nice's Friends of the Russian Cathedral, a pro-Moscow group. Their tendency to seek to establish a miniature Russia in exile sometimes provoked tensions with the French authorities: for example, the French administration had to ask Grand Duke Kirill to stop awarding decorations that competed with those of the French state. These people formed organizations such as the Mladorossi, the Evraziitsi, and the Smenovekhovtsi. [1] This factor is more acute evidence than the electoral results of the French section of the Communist International (9.82% of votes in the legislative elections in 1924, 15.26% in 1936), which had long faced difficulties due to the isolationist strategy of Communism in One Country. Frances institutions functioned largely on a two-round electoral system, and it was traditional for left-wing candidates to stand down in order to place themselves in the best position. After the Bolshevik revolution, many returned seeking refuge and work. The White Russians who had settled in Germany pushed to mobilize for the Reich: General Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, who was the leader of the Nazi-controlled ROND in 1932-1933, sent his emissaries from Berlin to Paris. The American explorer Roy Chapman Andrews said he frequented the "cafes of somewhat dubious reputation" with the explorer Sven Hedin and scientist Davidson Black to "have scrambled eggs and dance with the Russian girls."[29]. With the arrival of the railway in 1865, the city became a seaside resort popular with wealthy English and Russian visitors, leading to strong economic and demographic development. [34] PP, Ligue Internationale Anti Communiste, 3 p., May 31, 1933; State police of Nice to the General Director of National Safety, A/S de la Ligue Anti Communiste, 2p., July 6, 1933; Central Commissioner of Bordeaux to the Interior Minister, Ligue Anti Communiste, May 10, 1933, 3p.; General Commissioner of Bordeaux to the General Director of National Safety, Ligue Anti Communiste, 2 p., May 4, 1934, AN/20010216/168. The Russian Monarchist Party was a rather inactive French branch of the HCM (with 250 members, including about 100 in the Paris region). Tens of White Army veterans (numbers vary from 72 to 180) served as volunteers supporting Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. Their universe crumbled with the Russian old regime, and the memories of pre-1917 Russia came to dominate the themes of the Russian migr literature in the 1920s. France 24 is not responsible for the content of external websites. On 17 May 2007, the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate reestablished canonical ties between the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, after more than 80 years of separation. With the White Russians in Paris. After the murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich in 1918, the Russian line of succession became disputed. Those who arrived in 1919 were better off economically. They remain true to honor and obligation. The French branch of the Young Russians was proclaimed on March 30, 1927, and the Paris section was presided over by Prince Vladimir Krasinsky, officially the son of Grand Duke Andrei but whose paternity is rumored to be attributable to Nicholas II. Most migrs initially fled from Southern Russia and Ukraine to Turkey and then moved to other Slavic countries in Europe (the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland). One of the Karaky churches, St. Panteleimon, is filled each Sunday by Russian emigres who have arrived since the Soviet Union's collapse. [37] Although the BRT succumbed to internal quarrels and Soviet infiltration in 1932, it actually kept running, albeit rather weakened. [46] PP, report on the Confrrie de la Vrit Russe, undated, p. 5, AN/20010216/282. He has fond memories of the dances, shows and parties where . The contribution of the White Russian migr community to the global anticommunist struggle remains to be written. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Sainte-Genevive-des-Bois Russian Cemetery, withdrawal of US and Japanese troops from Siberia, Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate, Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe, Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, Russian All National Popular State Movement, Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, National Association of Russian Explorers, Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders, Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (girls), "Beyond China: Migrating Identities, Centre for the Study of the Southern Chinese Diaspora", "Istanbul's Russian history is fast fading into distant memory", "White Russians in Istanbul, Smirnoff and a Black Russian", https://m.bianet.org/biamag/siyaset/191155-ekim-devrimi-sonrasi-istanbul-a-beyaz-rus-gocu, Russia Abroad: A comprehensive guide to Russian Emigration after 1917, Exploring the White Russians legacy in Istanbul | Eurasianet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_migr&oldid=1151516505, Russian Imperial Union-Order (the oldest organization representing the monarchist White Russians), High Monarchist Union ( ), National Organization of Rangers (or "Knights") (, ), Orthodox Organization of Russian Pathfinders (), Russian Christian Students Movement (), Cohen, Aaron "'Our Russian Passport': First World War Monuments, Transnational Commemoration, and the Russian Emigration in Europe, 1918-39" pages 627-651 from, Franois Bauchpas, L'migration blanche, Paris, 1968. [24] SN, Le Grand-duc Cyrille, June 15, 1922; Monarchistes russes (parti du grand-duc Cyrille), January 30, 1923; Ibid., February 8, 1924; Le gnral Biskoupsky, agent principal du Grand-duc Cyrille, June 5, 1923; Les monarchistes russes et la Rpublique rhnane, August 20, 1923; Manifeste de lEmpereur de la Russie, September 1924, 2p.; Action des monarchistes russes, December 16, 1924, AN/F/7/15943/1. [12] PP, La rsurrection de la franc-maonnerie en Russie, June 13, 1935, 2 p., AN/19940500/306. Many white migrs also believed it was their duty to remain active in combat against the Soviet Union, with the hopes of liberating Russia. Robinson, Paul: The White Russian Army in exile, 1920-1941, Oxford; New York 2002: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. Approximately 150,000 White Russians, including princes, princesses, generals and senior officers, fled to the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Revolution. The city itself is located less than 40 kilometers from the Italian border. In the summer of 1923, the French intelligence services observed these monarchists interest in the secessionist movement of the Rhine Republic. [9] Personnalits politiques trangres qui furent victimes dattentats commis Paris au cours de ces dernires annes, March 20, 1930, 2 p., AN/F/7/13975/1. [52] PP, March 23, 1934, AN/19940497/70; A/S de lactivit de lmigration russe en France, September 1934, 9 p., AN / 20010216/282; August 1934, 2 p., AN/19940500/307; Note de renseignements: affaires russes, February 7, 1940, 5 p., AN/19940500/305; September 11, 1937, AN/19940500/309; DRG, Les migrs russes en France et linfluence hitlrienne sur leurs groupements, January 29, 1938, p. 3; Attitude des principales organisations dmigrs russes en prsence des vnements, September 28, 1938; A/S de lopinion des nationalistes russes de Paris aprs la confrence de Munich, September 30, 1938; A/S dune propagande des Russes blancs en faveur de lAllemagne, October 3, 1938, AN/20010216/282; Nicolas Ross, De Koutiepov Miller. [11] According to the White Russian newspaper Vozrozhdenie (Renaissance), Russian Freemasons actively worked to steer their French brothers in an anti-Soviet direction. In 1934, this policy was welcomed by the French Foreign Minister, Louis Barthou, and allowed for negotiations that led to the 1935 Mutual Assistance Treaty between France and the Soviet Union. [20] About 127,000 people living in Harbin in 1920 came from Russia, making it one of the largest Russian-speaking cites in East Asia. Turkul notably participated in the Russian National Front, launched in 1938 to bring together pro-Third-Reich organizations. This study is based mostly on declassified archives from the French police and intelligence services, especially the National Security Directorate, the Police Prefecture for Paris, and the Administrative Policy and General Intelligence for the rest of the territory. [11] PP, La franc-maonnerie russe, August 1933, 2 p., AN/19940500/306. Pre-World War I Paris had been a playground for Russia's idle rich. The emigre community swarmed with Soviet spies, as some defeated Russian officers continued plotting a military fightback from abroad. According to the French intelligence services, the Reich hedged its bets on the prestigious thinker Ivan Solonevich, whom Alfred Rosenberg is said to have received in person in Berlin to offer him the leadership of a potential international philo-Nazi union of ex-Russian officers. [13] Serbian King Alexander of Yugoslavia was a Russophile who welcomed Russian migrs to his kingdom, and after France, Yugoslavia had the largest Russian migr community, leading to Yugoslavia to have almost as many war memorials to the Russian war dead as France. This transition from a national to a global struggle drew many Whites from the anti-communist camp into the magnetic field of fascism. He was also supported by General Piotr Wrangel, who had agreed to proclaim Nikolai leader of the Russian All-Military Union (Russkii obshchevoinskii soiuz, ROVS).[4]. Kirill seemed to entertain the hope that a restoration of the German monarchy would provide him with the tools to take the Russian throne. . An important part was also played by the local Russian Orthodox Church under the guidance of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco. Among the emigres were "Lolita" author Vladimir Nabokov, the composer Sergei Rachmaninoff and the grandparents of US fashion designer Ralph Lauren. [45] PP, A/S dune propagande en faveur des doctrines sovitiques qui serait faite parmi les membres de lAssociation des Jeune Russes, January 1932, pp. The Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of the late Nicolas I, liked to stay there to rest since her widowhood.She raised money in 1856 to build a church for the parish "In Russia you always hear that the emigres were extremely rich people who left to continue a life of luxury," she says. : [Z]. [47] Tranlation given by La Cte dmeraude, October 25, 1935. The so-called Russes Blancs or White Russians . A Russian monastery in Mount Athos is registered as the owner, while the Turkish government recognizes only the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate as the authority over all Orthodox denominations in the country. Pierre de Fermor, a dandy-like figure whose grandfather was a general in the White army, is one. As for the choice of pretender to the Russian throne, the Italians were initially divided: Mussolini leaned toward Kirill, but the monarchy preferred Nikolai, since the Italian queen was his sister-in-law. "But it was extremely hard," adds the 62-year-old, part of a small community of "White Russian" descendants still keeping their heritage alive, a century later. . Culture. [48] Union des Young Russians, August 1933, 10 p., AN/20010216/282. [19] Blanc, September 18, 1937, AN/19880206/7. [57] DRG, Les migrs russes en France et linfluence hitlrienne sur leurs groupements, January 29, 1938, pp. [18] Interior Minister to the Foreign Affairs Minister, November 5, 1937, AN/19880206/7. The new German republic and the new Soviet government decided to bury the hatchet and to put a stop in each others expansionist politics, signing the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922. The white migrs formed the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in 1924. Cover photo: Made by John Chrobak using: Boulevard Courcelles Paris 20060503 1 by Georges Seguin CC BY-SA 3.0. At 90, Orobchenko considers himself "the last White Russian of Clichy", a northern Paris suburb once home to a vibrant emigre community. The first arrivals found some jobs in the French and British representations, commissions, or alongside them in civil service, translator, or even military or security units in Istanbul.[31][32]. During and after World War II, many Russian migrs moved to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, South Africa and Australia where many of their communities still exist in the 21st century. The Union of Russian Nobility, an association founded in Paris in 1926, tried to counter the phenomenon by seeking to verify genealogies. [4] Police spciale des Chemins de fer et de la frontire (PSC), report dated October 8, 1924, 4 p.; Les monarchistes russes et lItalie, November 9, 1922, AN/F/7/15943/1. After 1933, there were attempts to copy the NSDAP and cozy up to the German National Socialists, thus the short-lived parties such as the ROND (Russian Popular Liberation Movement) came into existence in Germany. But while the famous Russian community of Paris--like those in Berlin and Riga--combined well-off . [15] When the memorial was opened in 1936, the Patriarch Varnava of the Serbian Orthodox Church declared in a speech opening it: "The Russians bore great sacrifices on our account wishing to defend Serbs at a time when powerful enemies attacked tiny Serbia from all sides. [30] Rapport gnral du Bureau permanent de lEntente internationale contre la IIIe Internationale pour 1938, Geneva, 1939, p. 9, AN/20010216/170. [10] PP, A/S de lUnion des chevaliers de lOrdre militaire imprial russe de Saint-Georges, November 6, 1939, 3 p., AN/19940497/70; Ibid., Un entretien avec le Grand-duc Cyrille, November 9, 1922, AN/F/7/15943/1. [38] Wim Coudenys, Activisme politique et militaire dans lmigration russe : ralit ou sujet littraire? [56] Police Administrative (PA), A/S du journal Civilisation et bolchevisme, May 16, 1939, 3 p., AN/20010216/283. [7] Monuments for the war dead were often a way to symbolically recreate Russia abroad with example at the monument for those Russians killed while serving in the Russian Expeditionary Force (REF) in France at village of Mourmelon-le-Grand having a hermitage built near it together with transplanted fir trees and a Russian style farm to make it look like home.
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